I. What is Bharatanatyam?
Bharatanatyam is a classical Indian dance form that originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the oldest and most popular classical dance forms in India, known for its grace, purity, and spirituality. Bharatanatyam is a combination of expression, rhythm, and melody, and is characterized by intricate footwork, hand gestures, facial expressions, and body movements.
The word “Bharatanatyam” is derived from the Sanskrit words “Bhava” (expression), “Raga” (melody), “Tala” (rhythm), and “Natya” (dance). It is a highly stylized dance form that requires years of training and dedication to master. Bharatanatyam is not just a form of entertainment, but a means of spiritual expression and storytelling.
II. History of Bharatanatyam
Bharatanatyam has a rich and ancient history that dates back to the temples of South India. It was originally performed by Devadasis, who were temple dancers dedicated to serving the gods through dance and music. Over the years, Bharatanatyam evolved from a sacred art form to a popular performance art that is practiced and appreciated worldwide.
During the British colonial rule in India, Bharatanatyam was banned and considered vulgar and inappropriate. However, in the early 20th century, pioneers like Rukmini Devi Arundale worked to revive and popularize Bharatanatyam as a respected and revered art form. Today, Bharatanatyam is performed on stages around the world, showcasing the beauty and grace of Indian classical dance.
III. Key Elements of Bharatanatyam
Bharatanatyam is known for its intricate and expressive movements, which are based on the principles of Natya Shastra, an ancient Indian treatise on performing arts. The key elements of Bharatanatyam include:
1. Adavus: Adavus are basic dance steps that form the foundation of Bharatanatyam. There are over 100 adavus, each with its own unique rhythm and movement pattern.
2. Mudras: Mudras are hand gestures that convey emotions, feelings, and stories in Bharatanatyam. There are over 50 mudras, each with its own meaning and significance.
3. Abhinaya: Abhinaya is the art of expression in Bharatanatyam, which involves using facial expressions, body movements, and hand gestures to convey emotions and tell stories.
4. Nritya: Nritya is the expressive aspect of Bharatanatyam, which combines rhythm, melody, and expression to create a captivating performance.
IV. Costumes and Jewelry in Bharatanatyam
Costumes and jewelry play a significant role in Bharatanatyam, enhancing the beauty and grace of the dancer’s movements. The traditional costume for Bharatanatyam includes a saree or a long skirt with a fitted blouse, adorned with intricate designs and embellishments. The dancer also wears ankle bells called “ghungroo” to accentuate the rhythm of the footwork.
Jewelry is an essential part of Bharatanatyam, with each piece symbolizing different aspects of the dance form. The dancer wears a “mang tikka” on the forehead, earrings, necklaces, bangles, and anklets, all made of gold or silver. The jewelry adds a touch of elegance and tradition to the dancer’s attire, enhancing the overall aesthetic of the performance.
V. Music and Instruments used in Bharatanatyam
Music plays a vital role in Bharatanatyam, providing the rhythm and melody for the dancer’s movements. The music for Bharatanatyam is typically classical Carnatic music, which is based on ancient Indian ragas and talas. The compositions are sung in Sanskrit or Tamil and are accompanied by traditional instruments like the mridangam, veena, flute, and violin.
In Bharatanatyam, the dancer follows the music closely, interpreting the lyrics and rhythm through their movements and expressions. The music sets the mood and tone for the performance, guiding the dancer through the various elements of the dance.
VI. Significance and Cultural Impact of Bharatanatyam
Bharatanatyam holds immense significance in Indian culture and society, serving as a means of spiritual expression, storytelling, and artistic representation. It is deeply rooted in tradition and mythology, with many of its themes drawn from ancient Indian epics and scriptures.
Bharatanatyam has had a profound cultural impact, influencing other dance forms and art forms around the world. It has helped preserve and promote Indian classical dance and music, showcasing the rich heritage and traditions of India to a global audience.
In conclusion, Bharatanatyam is not just a dance form, but a way of life that embodies the beauty, grace, and spirituality of Indian culture. It continues to inspire and captivate audiences worldwide, carrying on a tradition that has stood the test of time.